![]() Brown ( 2009) opined that design thinking covers three stages: inspiration-identifying a problem/an opportunity ideation-conceive general concepts and solutions and implementing, producing and launching the final solutions (products or services). IDEO Education ( 2012), a leader in design thinking techniques, breaks the design process into five steps: Discovery, Interpretation, Ideation, Experimentation and Evolution. Ambrose and Harris ( 2009) divided the design process into seven stages: Define, Research, Ideate, Prototype, Select, Implement and Learn. Like this, the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford d.school encourages empathising, defining, ideating, prototyping and testing in a completed design process. For example, according to the Double Diamond design framework developed by the British Design Council, there are four steps in the creative process-Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver (Design Council, n.d.). According to Kueh and Thom’s review, there are 15 design thinking models. ![]() Various design thinking models divide the design process into different stages (see Table 3.1). The design thinking as a process model has an established ground for both divergent and convergent thinking. 2.2 Design Thinking Models (Double Diamond Model, IDEO Design Thinking and d.school Methods) Nonetheless, the main strength of this design process is that it can introduce novel approaches that the key stakeholders directly inform. ‘These complex and multidimensional problems require a collaborative methodology that involves gaining a deep understanding of humans’ (Dam & Siang, 2020, par 7). To engage in this process, one must ask questions and seek answers to eliminate the initial doubt. Inquiry is a process that begins with doubt and ends with knowledge and a set of beliefs so concrete that they can be acted upon, either overtly or in one’s imagination (Dewey, 1938). Dewey ( 1938) defined the process of inquiry as a transformation process beginning from an indeterminate problem. The designer is not merely discovering, uncovering and explaining the phenomenon in question (which is undeterminate) but is also suggesting other possibilities and creating and transforming the matter. ![]() When designers engage in design processes, Buchanan ( 1992) stated that they face wicked and indeterminate problems. Buchanan’s ( 1992) article about “wicked problems” in design has become a foundational reference for the discourse about design thinking and the whole design area. The theories evolved from the understanding that wicked problems are at the centre of design thinking. To understand the importance of design thinking in robotics, we need first to understand what design thinking is and why it is so important? 2.1 What Is Design Thinkingĭesign thinking was introduced in the 1960s to the “design science decade” (Cross, 2001, 62). It helps designers and non-designers empathise, learn, develop and deliver creative possibilities. Design thinking applies from the origin of a robotic system for industry through interactive robotic art and ongoing research. The need for design thinking in robotics is becoming the catalyst for digital transformation (Automeme, n.d.). ![]()
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